Solubility enhancementofcefixime trihydrate by solid dispersions using hydrotropic solubilization technique and their characterization

Abstract The aqueous solubility of cefixime trihydrate (a water insoluble drug) using different hydrotropic agents was determined and solid dispersions of cefixime trihydrate were prepared by hydrotropic solubilization technique. The drugs content were determined. The aqueous solubility of v was increased many fold in presence of sodium acetate trihydrate as hydrotropic agent. This hydrotropic agent was used to prepare solid dispersion of cefixime trihydrate. Cefixime trihydrate and sodium acetate trihydrate were accurately weighed and taken in a 200 mL beaker. Distilled water 10-15 mL was taken to dissolve hydrotropic agent using heat (48-50 °C). The drug was then added to it and magnetically stirred till whole mass get viscous. The solid dispersions of cefixime trihydrate were characterized by XRD, DSC and IR studies. DSC thermogram, XRD and Infra-Red spectra were studied. Solid dispersions, thus prepared, showed faster release of the drug as compared to pure drug and physical mixture.

Salmonella Neck Abscess in A Diabetic Patient.

Serotypes Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi are restricted to human host in whom these organism cause enteric fever. The remaining non-typhoidal salmonella often cause gastroenteritis and can be associated with bacteremia and localized suppurative infection. We report a case of neck abscess caused by Salmonella Typhi. A 40 yrs. diabetic male patient presented with painful swelling on a left side of neck. Patient had past history of fever before 2 months with positive Widal test. On culture the pus yielded pure growth of Salmonella Typhi. Blood culture was negative. Patient responded to incision and drainage and Ceftriaxone treatment.

Aerobic microbiological profile of contigious focus osteomyelitis.

Background: Bone and Joint infections are painful for patients and frustrating for them and their doctors. Eradication of infection from bone is difficult since there is fibrosis and low vascularity due to chronic inflammation where antibiotics are difficult to reach. Such infections tend to persist until the infected biomaterial and the adjacent tissues are removed. Osteomyelitis is also a disease in transition with ongoing changes in predisposing factors, causative organism and treatment. The relative frequency of haemetogenous osteomyelitis and relapsing osteomyelitis continues to decline, conversely the incidence of bone infections related to joint replacements, complex surgical interventions and wound infections are increasing. Factors involved in choosing the appropriate antibiotics include infection type, infecting organism, sensitivity results and antibiotic characteristics. Objective: To know microbiological etiology in different types of osteomyelitis in our region. Material & Methods: Specimens were collected from clinically and radiologically diagnosed 97 patients of Contiguous focus osteomyelitis, In cases of contiguous focus osteomyelitis presenting with sinus tract, deeper material from sinus tract was collected, wherein surgical intervention was required operative biopsy from bone or scrapping from prostheis was collected. Tissue biopsy/ sequestrum obtained were homogenized with sterile mortar and pestle with little sterile broth, for microscopic examination and inoculation. Pus, aspirate, sinus swab were directly used for microscopic examination and Inoculation. All the samples were inoculated on sheep blood agar and MacConkey agar. The plates were examined for growth after 24 hrs. Any growth was identified by colony characters & standard biochemical tests. Results: Staphylococcus aureus was etiological agent (42.05%) in majority of contiguous focus osteomyelitis. Enterobacteriaceae organisms and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were also found to be common agents (11.36% each).Poly-microbial etiology was evident in 15 (17.04%) cases In all 9 cases of contiguous focus osteomyelitis secondary to vascular insufficiency poly-microbial flora was seen. Conclusion: Bone infections that originate from contiguous soft tissue infections can have various etiologies and may even be due to mixture of bacteria from multiple genera Staphylococcus aureus is most common etiology.

Study of drug resistance in isolates from ICU infections in a tertiary care hospital.

Background: Nosocomial Infections are an important cause of morbidity, mortality and economic problems especially in intensive care units (ICUs). Aim: This study was conducted to estimate the clinical and bacteriological profile and their antibiotic sensitivity testing in ICU infected patient. Materials and methods: 245 patients clinically diagnosed to have infections in ICU were studied prospectively in the Department of Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Govt. Medical College from Sep. 2009- Dec. 2011. Depending on sites of infections various samples were collected and processed as per the standard guidelines. The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method as per CLSI 2012 guideline. Results: The incidence of pneumonia, blood stream infection and urinary tract infections was 61.6%, 20.1% and 11% respectively. P. aeruginosa (16.3%) was the commonest isolate in ICU infection followed by A. baumannii (13.5%) and K. pneumoniae (11.8%) with maximum sensitivity to imipenem, piperacillin tazobactum and amikacin. All Staphylococcus and Enterococcus species were sensitive to vancomycin and linezolid. Gram-negative pathogens acquired from ICU patients in our settings show high resistance to antibiotics. Conclusion: Regular monitoring of the pattern of resistance of common pathogens in the ICUs is critical in planning the best routines for empirical treatment of infectious patients.

Study of drug resistance in isolates from ICU infections in a tertiary care hospital.

Background: Nosocomial Infections are an important cause of morbidity, mortality and economic problems especially in intensive care units (ICUs). Aim: This study was conducted to estimate the clinical and bacteriological profile and their antibiotic sensitivity testing in ICU infected patient. Materials and methods: 245 patients clinically diagnosed to have infections in ICU were studied prospectively in the Department of Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Govt. Medical College from Sep. 2009- Dec. 2011. Depending on sites of infections various samples were collected and processed as per the standard guidelines. The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method as per CLSI 2012 guideline. Results: The incidence of pneumonia, blood stream infection and urinary tract infections was 61.6%, 20.1% and 11% respectively. P. aeruginosa (16.3%) was the commonest isolate in ICU infection followed by A. baumannii (13.5%) and K. pneumoniae (11.8%) with maximum sensitivity to imipenem, piperacillin tazobactum and amikacin. All Staphylococcus and Enterococcus species were sensitive to vancomycin and linezolid. Gram-negative pathogens acquired from ICU patients in our settings show high resistance to antibiotics. Conclusion: Regular monitoring of the pattern of resistance of common pathogens in the ICUs is critical in planning the best routines for empirical treatment of infectious patients.

Study of drug resistance in enterobacteriaceae isolates in a Tertiary Care Hospital.

Background & objectives: Members of the family enterobacteriaceae comprise the most common gram-negative isolates in microbiology laboratories. Amongst these members, multiple antibiotic-resistant isolates including those producing extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) and AmpC β-lactamases (AmpC) have increased steadily. Further, metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) producing strains are also recently detected. Methods: Three hundred enterobacteriaceae isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing. ESBL production was tested by CLSI phenotypic confirmatory test and double disk synergy test using amoxiclav-cefotaxime and piperacillin-tazobactam - cefepime. AmpC was tested by cefoxitin-cefotaxime disk antagonism test. MBL was tested by combined disk test. Results: Amongst 300 enterobacteriaceae isolates, 111 were ESBL, 12 AmpC and 30 MBL producers. K. pneumoniae showed maximum drug resistance and β-lactamase production. Interpretation & conclusion: High drug resistance and β-lactamase production is observed in enterobacteriaceae isolates. It is necessary to keep vigilance for the resistant isolates.

Simple scheme for identification of common species of enterobacteriaceae.

We propose a simple scheme for the identification of enterobacteriaceae species which routinely necessitates numerous biochemical tests and prolonged time span. In the scheme, family enterobacteriaceae is initially divided into four major groups depending on two important biochemical reactions viz. Lactose fermentation (L) and Methyl red test (MR). Each of the four groups, Group I (L + MR+), Group II (L + MR-), Group III (L- MR-), Group IV (L- MR+) can further be differentiated by using few tests. Eleven genera and 23 species can be identified by this scheme using limited biochemical tests. As many as 990 strains of enterobacteriaceae were subjected to standard biochemical tests and proposed simple scheme for identification. The discrepancy was observed only with 8 atypical strains of E. coli.